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NEW QUESTION # 99
A data engineer needs to use AWS Step Functions to design an orchestration workflow. The workflow must parallel process a large collection of data files and apply a specific transformation to each file.
Which Step Functions state should the data engineer use to meet these requirements?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Option C is the correct answer because the Map state is designed to process a collection of data in parallel by applying the same transformation to each element. The Map state can invoke a nested workflow for each element, which can be another state machine or a Lambda function. The Map state will wait until all the parallel executions are completed before moving to the next state.
Option A is incorrect because the Parallel state is used to execute multiple branches of logic concurrently, not to process a collection of data. The Parallel state can have different branches with different logic and states, whereas the Map state has only one branch that is applied to each element of the collection.
Option B is incorrect because the Choice state is used to make decisions based on a comparison of a value to a set of rules. The Choice state does not process any data or invoke any nested workflows.
Option D is incorrect because the Wait state is used to delay the state machine from continuing for a specified time. The Wait state does not process any data or invoke any nested workflows.
References:
* AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate DEA-C01 Complete Study Guide, Chapter 5: Data Orchestration, Section 5.3: AWS Step Functions, Pages 131-132
* Building Batch Data Analytics Solutions on AWS, Module 5: Data Orchestration, Lesson 5.2: AWS Step Functions, Pages 9-10
* AWS Documentation Overview, AWS Step Functions Developer Guide, Step Functions Concepts, State Types, Map State, Pages 1-3
NEW QUESTION # 100
A company stores customer data that contains personally identifiable information (PII) in an Amazon Redshift cluster. The company's marketing, claims, and analytics teams need to be able to access the customer data.
The marketing team should have access to obfuscated claim information but should have full access to customer contact information.
The claims team should have access to customer information for each claim that the team processes.
The analytics team should have access only to obfuscated PII data.
Which solution will enforce these data access requirements with the LEAST administrative overhead?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Step 1: Understand the Data Access Requirements
The question presents distinct access needs for three teams:
Marketing team: Needs full access to customer contact info but only obfuscated claim information.
Claims team: Needs access to customer information relevant to the claims they process.
Analytics team: Needs only obfuscated PII data.
These teams require different levels of access, and the solution needs to enforce data security while keeping administrative overhead low.
Step 2: Why Option B is Correct
Option B (Creating Views) is a common best practice in Amazon Redshift to restrict access to specific data without duplicating data or managing multiple clusters. By creating views:
You can define customized views of the data with obfuscated fields for the analytics team and marketing team while still providing full access where necessary.
Views provide a logical separation of data and allow Redshift administrators to grant access permissions based on roles or groups, ensuring that each team sees only what they are allowed to.
Obfuscation or masking of PII can be easily applied to the views by transforming or hiding sensitive data fields.
This approach avoids the complexity of managing multiple Redshift clusters or S3-based data lakes, which introduces higher operational and administrative overhead.
Step 3: Why Other Options Are Not Ideal
Option A (Separate Redshift Clusters) introduces unnecessary administrative overhead by managing multiple clusters. Maintaining several clusters for each team is costly, redundant, and inefficient.
Option C (Separate Redshift Roles) involves creating multiple roles and managing complex masking policies, which adds to administrative burden and complexity. While Redshift does support column-level access control, it's still more overhead than managing simple views.
Option D (Move to S3 and Lake Formation) is a more complex and heavy-handed solution, especially when the data is already stored in Redshift. Migrating the data to S3 and setting up a data lake with Lake Formation introduces significant operational complexity that isn't needed for this specific requirement.
Conclusion:
Creating views in Amazon Redshift allows for flexible, fine-grained access control with minimal overhead, making it the optimal solution to meet the data access requirements of the marketing, claims, and analytics teams.
NEW QUESTION # 101
A company created an extract, transform, and load (ETL) data pipeline in AWS Glue. A data engineer must crawl a table that is in Microsoft SQL Server. The data engineer needs to extract, transform, and load the output of the crawl to an Amazon S3 bucket. The data engineer also must orchestrate the data pipeline.
Which AWS service or feature will meet these requirements MOST cost-effectively?
Answer: D
Explanation:
AWS Glue workflows are a cost-effective way to orchestrate complex ETL jobs that involve multiple crawlers, jobs, and triggers. AWS Glue workflows allow you to visually monitor the progress and dependencies of your ETL tasks, and automatically handle errors and retries. AWS Glue workflows also integrate with other AWS services, such as Amazon S3, Amazon Redshift, and AWS Lambda, among others, enabling you to leverage these services for your data processing workflows. AWS Glue workflows are serverless, meaning you only pay for the resources you use, and you don't have to manage any infrastructure.
AWS Step Functions, AWS Glue Studio, and Amazon MWAA are also possible options for orchestrating ETL pipelines, but they have some drawbacks compared to AWS Glue workflows. AWS Step Functions is a serverless function orchestrator that can handle different types of data processing, such as real-time, batch, and stream processing. However, AWS Step Functions requires you to write code to define your state machines, which can be complex and error-prone. AWS Step Functions also charges you for every state transition, which can add up quickly for large-scale ETL pipelines.
AWS Glue Studio is a graphical interface that allows you to create and run AWS Glue ETL jobs without writing code. AWS Glue Studio simplifies the process of building, debugging, and monitoring your ETL jobs, and provides a range of pre-built transformations and connectors. However, AWS Glue Studio does not support workflows, meaning you cannot orchestrate multiple ETL jobs or crawlers with dependencies and triggers. AWS Glue Studio also does not support streaming data sources or targets, which limits its use cases for real-time data processing.
Amazon MWAA is a fully managed service that makes it easy to run open-source versions of Apache Airflow on AWS and build workflows to run your ETL jobs and data pipelines. Amazon MWAA provides a familiar and flexible environment for data engineers who are familiar with Apache Airflow, and integrates with a range of AWS services such as Amazon EMR, AWS Glue, and AWS Step Functions. However, Amazon MWAA is not serverless, meaning you have to provision and pay for the resources you need, regardless of your usage.
Amazon MWAA also requires you to write code to define your DAGs, which can be challenging and time-consuming for complex ETL pipelines. References:
AWS Glue Workflows
AWS Step Functions
AWS Glue Studio
Amazon MWAA
AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate DEA-C01 Complete Study Guide
NEW QUESTION # 102
A company uploads .csv files to an Amazon S3 bucket. The company's data platform team has set up an AWS Glue crawler to perform data discovery and to create the tables and schemas.
An AWS Glue job writes processed data from the tables to an Amazon Redshift database. The AWS Glue job handles column mapping and creates the Amazon Redshift tables in the Redshift database appropriately.
If the company reruns the AWS Glue job for any reason, duplicate records are introduced into the Amazon Redshift tables. The company needs a solution that will update the Redshift tables without duplicates.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
Answer: A
Explanation:
To avoid duplicate records in Amazon Redshift, the most effective solution is to perform the ETL in a way that first loads the data into a staging table and then uses SQL commands like MERGE or UPDATE to insert new records and update existing records without introducing duplicates.
Using Staging Tables in Redshift:
The AWS Glue job can write data to a staging table in Redshift. Once the data is loaded, SQL commands can be executed to compare the staging data with the target table and update or insert records appropriately. This ensures no duplicates are introduced during re-runs of the Glue job.
Reference:
Alternatives Considered:
B (MySQL upsert): This introduces unnecessary complexity by involving another database (MySQL).
C (Spark dropDuplicates): While Spark can eliminate duplicates, handling duplicates at the Redshift level with a staging table is a more reliable and Redshift-native solution.
D (AWS Glue ResolveChoice): The ResolveChoice transform in Glue helps with column conflicts but does not handle record-level duplicates effectively.
Amazon Redshift MERGE Statements
Staging Tables in Amazon Redshift
NEW QUESTION # 103
A telecommunications company collects network usage data throughout each day at a rate of several thousand data points each second. The company runs an application to process the usage data in real time. The company aggregates and stores the data in an Amazon Aurora DB instance.
Sudden drops in network usage usually indicate a network outage. The company must be able to identify sudden drops in network usage so the company can take immediate remedial actions.
Which solution will meet this requirement with the LEAST latency?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The telecommunications company needs a low-latency solution to detect sudden drops in network usage from real-time data collected throughout the day.
* Option B: Modify the processing application to publish the data to an Amazon Kinesis data stream. Create an Amazon Managed Service for Apache Flink (Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics) application to detect drops in network usage.Using Amazon Kinesis with Managed Service for Apache Flink (formerly Kinesis Data Analytics) is ideal for real-time stream processing with minimal latency. Flink can analyze the incoming data stream in real-time and detect anomalies, such as sudden drops in usage, which makes it the best fit for this scenario.
Other options (A, C, and D) either introduce unnecessary delays (e.g., querying databases) or do not provide the same real-time, low-latency processing that is critical for this use case.
References:
* Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics for Apache Flink
* Amazon Kinesis Documentation
NEW QUESTION # 104
......
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